CONFERENCE PAPERS – DomEQUAL https://domequal.eu A global approach to paid domestic work and social inequalities Tue, 04 Feb 2020 16:25:30 +0000 en-US hourly 1 R-esistenza e organizzazione collettiva delle lavoratrici domestiche: una prospettiva globale https://domequal.eu/output/r-esistenza-e-organizzazione-collettiva-delle-lavoratrici-domestiche-una-prospettiva-globale/ Fri, 31 Jan 2020 16:15:28 +0000 https://domequal.eu/?post_type=output&p=1980 Il paper discute il caso dei movimenti per i diritti delle lavoratrici domestiche e della cura, come esempio significativo di organizzazione collettiva e r-esistenza a fronte di forme di esclusione molteplice, che è possibile leggere attraverso l’utilizzo di una prospettiva intersezionale. Negli ultimi anni, il tema dei diritti nel lavoro domestico retribuito è diventato oggetto …

The post R-esistenza e organizzazione collettiva delle lavoratrici domestiche: una prospettiva globale appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Il paper discute il caso dei movimenti per i diritti delle lavoratrici domestiche e della cura, come esempio significativo di organizzazione collettiva e r-esistenza a fronte di forme di esclusione molteplice, che è possibile leggere attraverso l’utilizzo di una prospettiva intersezionale.

Negli ultimi anni, il tema dei diritti nel lavoro domestico retribuito è diventato oggetto di dibattito e mobilitazione politica, sia a livello globale, sia in numerosi contesti nazionali; ciò si è accentuato con la ratifica della Convenzione internazionale sul tema promossa dall’ILO nel 2011 (C189). Il riconoscimento di diritti lavorativi e di forme di riconoscimento sociale a questa categoria di lavoratrici (e lavoratori) è un potenziale terreno di convergenza tra questioni di giustizia sociale abitualmente separate, tra le quali: la parità di diritti nel lavoro, i diritti delle donne, il superamento di forme di discriminazione su base razzista e classista, la questione dei diritti delle persone migranti e così via. Allo stesso tempo, la regolazione del lavoro domestico è anche terreno di potenziali conflitti, capace di rivelare le asimmetrie di potere su base di genere, classe, razza, origine, cittadinanza ecc che strutturano il settore in ciascun contesto specifico. Attorno alla mobilitazione delle lavoratrici domestiche si possono dunque creare interessanti alleanze, coalizioni e forme di solidarietà complessa, così come conflitti di interesse e fratture di potere, che è utile leggere in prospettiva intersezionale.
Allo stesso tempo, i movimenti per i diritti del lavoro domestico raccolgono le istanze dei gruppi sociali marginalizzati che sono prevalentemente impiegati nel settore, in ciascun contesto specifico: ad esempio, donne di classe/casta bassa, migranti rurali, migranti internazionali, donne di minoranze etniche e razzializzati, e così via. In questo quadro, questi movimenti mettono al centro la questione delle disuguaglianze intersezionali che, nel loro intreccio, sono responsabili della posizione subordinata delle lavoratrici domestiche a scala globale e locale (legate alle relazioni tra i generi, di classe, ai processi di razzializzazione, all’esclusione da cittadinanza e diritti per le persone migranti, ecc). Essi pertanto sviluppano analisi significative sulle determinanti di tale condizione subordinata, nonché differenti strategie di azione collettiva per il suo superamento. La discussione di questi punti si basa sui risultati di una ricerca internazionale sulle trasformazioni del lavoro domestico e di cura, a livello globale e in nove paesi in Europa, America Latina e Asia ( Progetto ERC “DomEQUAL: A global approach to paid domestic work and social inequalities”, n. 678783, anni 2016-2020).

The post R-esistenza e organizzazione collettiva delle lavoratrici domestiche: una prospettiva globale appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Paid Reproductive Work and the Economic Recession: Evidence from EU15 States https://domequal.eu/output/paid-reproductive-work-and-the-economic-recession-the-case-of-italy/ Thu, 10 Oct 2019 15:07:25 +0000 https://domequal.eu/?post_type=output&p=1919 Paid reproductive work, especially in the case of cleaning and home-care for elderly people, is an important sector for foreign women in EU15. For this reason, since the beginning of the current economic crisis, scholars have wondered about the impact of the recession on migrant domestic workers. They have looked particularly at possible competition with …

The post Paid Reproductive Work and the Economic Recession: Evidence from EU15 States appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Paid reproductive work, especially in the case of cleaning and home-care for elderly people, is an important sector for foreign women in EU15. For this reason, since the beginning of the current economic crisis, scholars have wondered about the impact of the recession on migrant domestic workers. They have looked particularly at possible competition with native women entering the sector for lack of better alternatives. Our paper takes this discussion a step further by assessing the overall changes affecting migrant women in the labour market of EU15 Member States, 2007-2016. We will look at how their position has been transformed, by taking both an ethnic perspective, in relation to native women, and a gender perspective, in relation to migrant men. To this aim, intersectional techniques are applied. By way of a conclusion, the argument will be made that there is a substantial lack of competition between native and foreign women in the care and domestic sector due to differences in their earnings, hours of work and activities. However, several differences are found between countries.

The post Paid Reproductive Work and the Economic Recession: Evidence from EU15 States appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Care-intermediaries: brokers and agencies as key players in the transnational recruitment of caregivers https://domequal.eu/output/care-intermediaries-brokers-and-agencies-as-key-players-in-the-transnational-recruitment-of-caregivers/ Fri, 21 Jun 2019 19:20:33 +0000 https://domequal.eu/?post_type=output&p=1935 The transnational migrations of workers in the field of home-based care (for elders, children or disabled people) are strongly influenced by the action of several players. Among them, it is important to focus the attention on various forms of demand-offer intermediaries which intervene in the recruitment process by establishing the connection between individual workers and …

The post Care-intermediaries: brokers and agencies as key players in the transnational recruitment of caregivers appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
The transnational migrations of workers in the field of home-based care (for elders, children or disabled people) are strongly influenced by the action of several players. Among them, it is important to focus the attention on various forms of demand-offer intermediaries which intervene in the recruitment process by establishing the connection between individual workers and the households they are going to work in. It is a realm made of very different subjects, from illegal brokers and private agencies, to state-sponsored recruitment programs. The scope and the identity of these actors varies a lot from country to country, especially when looking at the position they have vis à-vis national policies on migration, welfare and care provision: from cases in which states are repressing intermediaries, to instances in which they are actually favored by governments’ decisions. It is also important to consider their role and their functioning, when looking at the levels of rights of care workers and the chances for improving them. In fact, these intermediaries are frequently called into question by workers’ organizations.
In this presentation, we elaborate on these cross-country differences on the basis of the results from the research project “DomEQUAL: A Global Approach to Paid Domestic Workers and Social Inequalities”, with a focus on selected Southern-Asian countries, namely Taiwan, Philippines and India.

The post Care-intermediaries: brokers and agencies as key players in the transnational recruitment of caregivers appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
A Tool for States or for Paid Domestic Workers? Some Examples from Ecuador, India and Europe https://domequal.eu/output/a-tool-for-states-or-for-paid-domestic-workers/ Mon, 03 Jun 2019 04:53:38 +0000 https://domequal.eu/?post_type=output&p=1904 On 16 June 2011, amidst the clapping and singing of dozens of domestic workers gathering in Geneva from all over the world, the ILO has passed the Convention n. 189 concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers. This is a truly historical step for the legal and social protection of this labour sector at the international …

The post A Tool for States or for Paid Domestic Workers? Some Examples from Ecuador, India and Europe appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
On 16 June 2011, amidst the clapping and singing of dozens of domestic workers gathering in Geneva from all over the world, the ILO has passed the Convention n. 189 concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers. This is a truly historical step for the legal and social protection of this labour sector at the international level. The C189 is the most evident sign of the fact that today paid domestic work is considered a policy issue by several global actors, from both the institutional and the non-governmental side. The EU Parliament, UN-Women, OIM, GFMD, FRA can be numbered amongst the first, whilst the International Domestic Workers Federation (IDWF) launched in 2009 is in the latter.

However, when one gets closer to the local level, the relationship between social movements, States and international organizations is not that clear cut. The example of Ecuador, India and the EU will show different ways in which States and grassroots organizations have reciprocally positioned themselves around this issue. The international campaign for C189 will be seen as a tool that has been differently be taken up by institutional and non-institutional actors to pursue the own political agendas, and their strategies of alliance/separation from other relevant actors. I will also make references to the on-going discussion at the EU level on a Directive for the rights of domestic and care workers in Europe.

This study is part of a larger ERC project currently in-progress untitled “DomEQUAL –A Global Approach to Domestic Work and Social Inequalities”.

The post A Tool for States or for Paid Domestic Workers? Some Examples from Ecuador, India and Europe appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Intersectionality and the study of domestic workers’ movements in a comparative perspective https://domequal.eu/output/intersectionality-and-the-study-of-domestic-workers-movements-in-a-comparative-perspective/ Wed, 06 Mar 2019 14:52:55 +0000 https://domequal.eu/?post_type=output&p=1875 In the last decades an expanding body of studies has drawn upon the concept of intersectionality as a critical tool to explore a vast array of political projects and social movements (Cho, Crenshaw &McCall 2013: 800-804). Key questions addressed in this literature address the ways in which the intersectionality of inequalities and social positions is …

The post Intersectionality and the study of domestic workers’ movements in a comparative perspective appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
In the last decades an expanding body of studies has drawn upon the concept of intersectionality as a critical tool to explore a vast array of political projects and social movements (Cho, Crenshaw &McCall 2013: 800-804). Key questions addressed in this literature address the ways in which the intersectionality of inequalities and social positions is reflected in and shapes social movements’ collective identity, strategies and agenda; how intersectionality as a tool for interpreting reality and as a political praxis is incorporated or resisted by different collective actors across differen contexts; and the consequences of these processes in terms of inclusion or exclusion when looking at the viewpoint of specific social groups and subjects. Several scholars suggest that the mapping of the different uses, resistances and outcomes of intersectionality that social movements experience“on the ground”- beyond academia and across national borders – is an empirical task that deserves further analysis (Bassel & Lepinard 2014; Evans 2016; Irvine et al 2019; Wilson 2013). This study may be put in dialogue with the theoretical, methodological and epistemological debates on intersectionality in social and political research (Choo & Ferree 2010; Cho & et al. 2013; Hancock 2007; McCall 2005), as a way to keep connecting theorization and activism within the intersectional project (Hancock 2016; Collins & Bilge 2016). Our paper responds to these challenges by taking a comparative look at paid domestic workers organizing in nine countries (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Italy, Germany, Spain, India, Philippines and Taiwan) involved in the mixed-method ERC research project “DomEQUAL: A global approach to paid domestic work and social inequalities” (2016-2020). In these countries, domestic workers’ organizations have been led by people from the multiply-marginalized social groups (e.g. migrants, low-class, ethnic minority women) who are employed in the domestic labor sector. Their campaigns for labor rights and “ decent work” go hand in hand with claims related to self-representation and identity, and involve a challenge to the gender, race, class and other social hierarchies implicated in the cultural meaning of reproductive work and its unequal distribution at the local and transnational level. For these reasons, we take the promotion of paid domestic workers’ rights as an opportunity to explore the articulation of intersectionality in social movements and in the field of labor organizing, by focusing on interconnected – yet separated – analytical levels such as 1) the composition of the workforce employed in paid domestic work; 2) the composition and identity of the organizations campaigning for paid domestic workers’ rights; 3) the claims, activities and frames mobilized by these organizations; and finally 4) the alliances and coalition they build with other social movements and relevant actors in close-by fields (e.g. women’s rights, anti-racism, economic justice, migration, trafficking, labor rights, disability).

The post Intersectionality and the study of domestic workers’ movements in a comparative perspective appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Grembiule, scopa e rossetto. Una lettura intersezionale delle rappresentazioni del lavoro domestico nel cinema e nella televisione italiana (1950-1980) https://domequal.eu/output/grembiule-scopa-e-rossetto-una-lettura-intersezionale-delle-rappresentazioni-del-lavoro-domestico-nel-cinema-e-nella-televisione-italiana-1950-1980/ Sat, 13 Oct 2018 17:08:33 +0000 https://domequal.eu/?post_type=output&p=1805 Il mio contributo ha per oggetto l’imbricazione tra genere, classe, razza e sessualità, nel cinema e nella televisione italiana a partire dalle modalità di rappresentazione visuale del lavoro domestico. Prenderò in esame pubblicità televisive – come ad esempio la serie andata in onda a partire dalla metà degli anni Sessanta per il marchio Olio Sasso …

The post Grembiule, scopa e rossetto. Una lettura intersezionale delle rappresentazioni del lavoro domestico nel cinema e nella televisione italiana (1950-1980) appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Il mio contributo ha per oggetto l’imbricazione tra genere, classe, razza e sessualità, nel cinema e nella televisione italiana a partire dalle modalità di rappresentazione visuale del lavoro domestico. Prenderò in esame pubblicità televisive – come ad esempio la serie andata in onda a partire dalla metà degli anni Sessanta per il marchio Olio Sasso – e prodotti cinematografici di genere diverso – dalla commedia al cosiddetto soft-porno – in un arco temporale che va dai primi anni Sessanta alla fine degli anni Novanta.    L’analisi delle modalità di rappresentazione che investono i corpi femminili impegnati nel lavoro domestico (governanti, serve e/o casalinghe) smaschera la costruzione razzista, sessista e classista soggiacente, permettendo al contempo di far emergere la specificità di un nuovo dispositivo discorsivo e visuale che investe i rapporti di potere basati su genere, razza, classe e sessualità che emerge in Italia negli anni del cosiddetto boom economico. Un processo che si inscrive nella continuità con l’ideologia razzista e sessista che ha caratterizzato l’Italia a partire dall’unità nazionale, ma che, forzatamente, si modifica per far fronte all’emergenza, sul finire degli anni Sessanta, dei movimenti di liberazione (femministi, omosessuali, neri e anticoloniali) e alle loro strategie di resistenza.  Fare emergere queste strategie discorsive e visuali che caratterizzano l’ideologia razzista e sessista in questo contesto specifico può contribuire all’emergenza e al consolidamento di una storia femminista e intersezionale dell’edificazione della “nazione”.

The post Grembiule, scopa e rossetto. Una lettura intersezionale delle rappresentazioni del lavoro domestico nel cinema e nella televisione italiana (1950-1980) appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
¿De qué hablamos cuando hablamos de empleo de hogar? Polisemia y alianzas en la lucha por el reconocimiento de los derechos en el sector https://domequal.eu/output/de-que-hablamos-cuando-hablamos-de-empleo-de-hogar-polisemia-y-alianzas-en-la-lucha-por-el-reconocimiento-de-los-derechos-en-el-sector/ Tue, 04 Sep 2018 15:58:06 +0000 https://domequal.eu/?post_type=output&p=1797 Este trabajo se sitúa en el marco del proyecto “DomEQUAL: A Global Approach to Paid Domestic Work and Global Inequalities”, gestionado desde la Universidad de Venecia Ca’ Foscari y llevado a cabo en nueve países del mundo, incluido España. El objetivo principal del proyecto es, entre otros, el de explorar el rol que cumplen los …

The post ¿De qué hablamos cuando hablamos de empleo de hogar? Polisemia y alianzas en la lucha por el reconocimiento de los derechos en el sector appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Este trabajo se sitúa en el marco del proyecto “DomEQUAL: A Global Approach to Paid Domestic Work and Global Inequalities”, gestionado desde la Universidad de Venecia Ca’ Foscari y llevado a cabo en nueve países del mundo, incluido España. El objetivo principal del proyecto es, entre otros, el de explorar el rol que cumplen los diferentes actores implicados en el marco estratégico de las acciones orientadas a la defensa de los derechos de las empleadas del hogar en los países estudiados, desde una perspectiva histórica. En el caso de España, el cumplimiento de este objetivo ha requerido un mapeo de los diferentes agentes en la escena partiendo del franquismo hasta la actualidad. En un segundo momento, se han llevado a cabo 23 entrevistas en profundidad y un taller grupal con la participación de 20 personas. Si bien los resultados están en fase de análisis, es posible adelantar algunas de las conclusiones más relevantes: la polisemia del término “empleo de hogar” utilizado por cada uno de los agentes en la escena (sindicatos, asociaciones de empleadas de hogar, feministas, organizaciones no gubernamentales, etc.) y las dificultades para el establecimiento de algunas alianzas entre estos, derivadas, entre otras cuestiones, también de dicha polisemia. Se pretende reflexionar desde el marco de comprensión de la política y la hegemonía de Ernesto Laclau.

The post ¿De qué hablamos cuando hablamos de empleo de hogar? Polisemia y alianzas en la lucha por el reconocimiento de los derechos en el sector appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Oppressions intersectionnelles à la télévision italienne. Imbrications et réarticulations entre genre, classe et race dans l’émission Carosello (1963-1976) https://domequal.eu/output/oppressions-intersectionnelles-la-television-italienne-imbrications-et-rearticulations-entre-genre-classe-et-race-dans-lemission-carosello-1963-1976/ Thu, 05 Jul 2018 16:40:08 +0000 https://domequal.eu/?post_type=output&p=1764 Cette contribution a pour objet l’étude des imbrications entre genre, classe et race et de leurs réarticulations telle qu’elles se sont déployées dans une émission télévisée italienne à grand succès, Carosello, diffusée entre la fin des années 1950 et la moitié des années 1970. Une telle analyse sera menée à travers les outils théoriques et …

The post Oppressions intersectionnelles à la télévision italienne. Imbrications et réarticulations entre genre, classe et race dans l’émission Carosello (1963-1976) appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Cette contribution a pour objet l’étude des imbrications entre genre, classe et race et de leurs réarticulations telle qu’elles se sont déployées dans une émission télévisée italienne à grand succès, Carosello, diffusée entre la fin des années 1950 et la moitié des années 1970. Une telle analyse sera menée à travers les outils théoriques et politiques élaborées par différentes théoriciennes féministes francophones qui ont étudié et pensé les articulations entre sexisme, racisme et classisme. Je m’appuierai notamment sur les travaux de Colette Guillaumin, de Paola Tabet, de Elsa Dorlin et de Sirma Bilge. L’étude de la construction raciste et sexiste du corps et de la psychologie des femmes protagonistes de l’émission (femmes de ménage et femmes au foyer)  me permettra d’esquisser les spécificités d’un nouveau dispositif discursif et visuel concernant les rapports de sexe, de classe et de race qui a émergé en Italie au moment du boom économique et qui s’inscrit, par des nouveaux moyens, dans la continuité de l’idéologie patriarcale et raciste qui a caractérisé l’Italie depuis l’unité nationale. Faire émerger les stratégies caractérisant l’idéologie raciste et sexiste italienne des années 1950-1960, avec notamment l’opprobre pour la sexualité dite “interraciale” et la fabrication genrée et racisée du « corps de la Nation », aspire à contribuer à l’émergence d’une histoire féministe et intersectionnelle de l’édification de « la Nazione » (Nation-building).

The post Oppressions intersectionnelles à la télévision italienne. Imbrications et réarticulations entre genre, classe et race dans l’émission Carosello (1963-1976) appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
A global view on domestic workers’ power between politics, movements and unions https://domequal.eu/output/global-view-domestic-workers-power-politics-movements-unions-2/ Wed, 04 Jul 2018 06:58:06 +0000 https://domequal.eu/?post_type=output&p=1758 Abstract Domestic workers have been seen as the quintessential example of precarious, informal, hidden and therefore typically unorganized labourers. Notably, their position in the labour markets tends to be negatively affected by contextual factors such as the intersectional construction of gendered, racialized and class-based representations of care and domestic tasks. Nevertheless, recent decades have seen …

The post A global view on domestic workers’ power between politics, movements and unions appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Abstract

Domestic workers have been seen as the quintessential example of precarious, informal, hidden and therefore typically unorganized labourers. Notably, their position in the labour markets tends to be negatively affected by contextual factors such as the intersectional construction of gendered, racialized and class-based representations of care and domestic tasks. Nevertheless, recent decades have seen an increasing visibility of this category of workers, due to the strengthening of their organisations and/or the improvement of normative frameworks that impact on their conditions.

These transformations invite us to interrogate the processes through which such informal and precarious workers have acquired new (structural, symbolic or associational) power, and the ways in which this power has been used, for what purposes, and by which actors, depending on the context.

This presentation explores these questions by taking a comparative look at key moments in the history for domestic workers’ rights and conditions in the nine countries involved in the DomEQUAL research project (India, Philippines, Taiwan, Italy, Germany, Spain, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil) starting from the 1950s till today. We focus in particular on how the question of domestic workers rights has come to be, in some specific moments and places, a terrain of intervention for trade unions, political parties, non-profit organisations, etc.

We try to assess the interactions among these actors as well as the type of agency that domestic workers themselves have deployed in these different instances, also in relation to the contextual factors simultaneously affecting their conditions in each context.10th European Feminist Research Conference

The post A global view on domestic workers’ power between politics, movements and unions appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Violencia de género, violencia en el lugar de trabajo: fronteras desde las experiencias y las luchas de las trabajadoras de hogar https://domequal.eu/output/violencia-de-genero-violencia-en-el-lugar-de-trabajo-fronteras-desde-las-experiencias-y-las-luchas-de-las-trabajadoras-de-hogar/ Wed, 04 Jul 2018 06:45:19 +0000 https://domequal.eu/?post_type=output&p=1756 Abstract Lo “domestico” y lo “laboral” se construyen como ámbitos separados en el discurso académico y público entorno a la violencia de género. La tematización y las intervenciones en contra de la violencia masculina hacia las mujeres toman riendas separadas en tanto que esta violencia se produzca dentro de relaciones íntimas y familiares, o dentro …

The post Violencia de género, violencia en el lugar de trabajo: fronteras desde las experiencias y las luchas de las trabajadoras de hogar appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Abstract

Lo “domestico” y lo “laboral” se construyen como ámbitos separados en el discurso académico y público entorno a la violencia de género. La tematización y las intervenciones en contra de la violencia masculina hacia las mujeres toman riendas separadas en tanto que esta violencia se produzca dentro de relaciones íntimas y familiares, o dentro las relaciones de trabajo, con sus distintas dinámicas de poder. Una observación similar se puede avanzar con respecto a otras clasificaciones dicotómicas que estructuran el discurso sobre la violencia en contra de las mujeres, con la distinción entre violencia fundada en el género y en otros mecanismos de subordinación (violencia racista, clasista), violencia estructural e interpersonal, material y simbólica. La experiencia de las mujeres trabajadoras remuneradas de hogar, sin embargo, empujan a revisar dichas dicotomías y prestar atención a la interconexión entre estas formas de violencia.

Esta comunicación explora cómo los movimientos para los derechos de las trabajadoras de hogar, en distintos contextos nacionales (en Europa y America Latina) y a nivel transnacional, se mueven en esta tensión y abordan el tema de la violencia. Con una mirada comparativa, se analizan las diferentes estrategias para superar la invisibilidad de las trabajadoras de hogar, como sujetas a formas sistémicas de violencia, fundada en relaciones de poder y subordinación múltiples.

 

The post Violencia de género, violencia en el lugar de trabajo: fronteras desde las experiencias y las luchas de las trabajadoras de hogar appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
A global view on domestic workers’ power between politics, movements and unions https://domequal.eu/output/global-view-domestic-workers-power-politics-movements-unions/ Tue, 03 Jul 2018 18:30:25 +0000 https://domequal.eu/?post_type=output&p=1755 Abstract Domestic workers have been seen as the quintessential example of precarious, informal, hidden and therefore typically unorganized labourers. Notably, their position in the labour markets tends to be negatively affected by contextual factors such as the intersectional construction of gendered, racialized and class-based representations of care and domestic tasks. Nevertheless, recent decades have seen …

The post A global view on domestic workers’ power between politics, movements and unions appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Abstract

Domestic workers have been seen as the quintessential example of precarious, informal, hidden and therefore typically unorganized labourers. Notably, their position in the labour markets tends to be negatively affected by contextual factors such as the intersectional construction of gendered, racialized and class-based representations of care and domestic tasks. Nevertheless, recent decades have seen an increasing visibility of this category of workers, due to the strengthening of their organisations and/or the improvement of normative frameworks that impact on their conditions. These transformations invite us to interrogate the processes through which such informal and precarious workers have acquired new (structural, symbolic or associational) power, and the ways in which this power has been used, for what purposes, and by which actors, depending on the context.
This presentation explores these questions by taking a comparative look at key moments in the history for domestic workers’ rights and conditions in the nine countries involved in the DomEQUAL research project (India, Philippines, Taiwan, Italy, Germany, Spain, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil) starting from the 1950s till today. We focus in particular on how the question of domestic workers rights has come to be, in some specific moments and places, a terrain of intervention for trade unions, political parties, non-profit organisations, etc. We try to assess the interactions among these actors as well as the type of agency that domestic workers themselves have deployed in these different instances, also in relation to the contextual factors simultaneously affecting their conditions in each context.

The post A global view on domestic workers’ power between politics, movements and unions appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Gender-based violence, violence against women at work, and the transnational movement for paid domestic workers’ right https://domequal.eu/output/gender-based-violence-violence-women-work-transnational-movement-paid-domestic-workers-right/ Tue, 03 Jul 2018 18:18:57 +0000 https://domequal.eu/?post_type=output&p=1753 Abstract The paper will focus on the transnational movement for paid care & domestic workers’ rights, as a key social movement that addresses structural violence and intersecting inequalities embedded in the unfair distribution of care and reproductive work, at the local and global level. The analysis will draw on the comparative research project “DomEQUAL: A …

The post Gender-based violence, violence against women at work, and the transnational movement for paid domestic workers’ right appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Abstract

The paper will focus on the transnational movement for paid care & domestic workers’ rights, as a key social movement that addresses structural violence and intersecting inequalities embedded in the unfair distribution of care and reproductive work, at the local and global level. The analysis will draw on the comparative research project “DomEQUAL: A global approach to paid domestic work and social inequalities” (2016-2020), which explores the transformations in the rights and the collective actions of paid domestic workers in nine countries (Spain, Italy, German, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, India, Philippines and Taiwan), from the 1950s up to now. Drawing on the first empirical findings, we will discuss how the issues of gender-based violence and violence in the workplace are addressed by the paid domestic workers’ organizations in different countries and at the transnational level. We will look at different strategies aimed at overcoming the invisibility of PDWs as objects of systemic violence, based on hierarchical power relations and on the subordination of racialized, gendered and sexualized subjects and bodies. We will also look at the alliances, or the gaps and silences, taking place between paid domestic workers’ movements and feminist movements, across different settings. The “domestic” and the “work” spheres are often framed as separate fields in the academic and political discourse on violence against women. The voice of paid domestic workers’ organizations, as well as the new visibility of the issue in the agenda of international organizations (e.g. the International Labour Organization roadmap towards the Convention on violence and harassment at work) are blurring this line, suggesting the need for further analysis on these issues.

The post Gender-based violence, violence against women at work, and the transnational movement for paid domestic workers’ right appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
A transnational view on domestic workers’ organising for labour rights and against violence https://domequal.eu/output/transnational-view-domestic-workers-organising-labour-rights-violence/ Tue, 03 Jul 2018 17:36:30 +0000 https://domequal.eu/?post_type=output&p=1752 Abstract In correspondence to the coming into force of the ILO C189 in 2011, scholars and activists have increasingly turned their attention to domestic workers’ groups investigating the original forms of organising that this traditionally ‘unorganisable’ workforce has managed to develop across different contexts in the last decades. The transnational domestic workers’ movement arguably represents …

The post A transnational view on domestic workers’ organising for labour rights and against violence appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Abstract

In correspondence to the coming into force of the ILO C189 in 2011, scholars and activists have increasingly turned their attention to domestic workers’ groups investigating the original forms of organising that this traditionally ‘unorganisable’ workforce has managed to develop across different contexts in the last decades.
The transnational domestic workers’ movement arguably represents a unique case to study the ways in which social change in the field of gender violence may be produced intersectionally. vidence suggests that, while domestic workers globally articulate their claims in the labour rights field, their struggles keep at the center the issue of violence – symbolic and material – that they are subjected to, at work and outside, also on the basis of their intersectional subordinated social positions – as migrant women, ethnicised women, or women of lower classes and caste. Labour organising in this case appears to go hand in hand with self-help work around self-image and identity, and domestic workers’ movements mobilise deep emotions related to stigmatisation, shame and silence.
The present paper addresses these questions by taking a comparative look at domestic workers organising in the nine countries involved in the DomEqual project: India, Philippines, Taiwan, Italy, Germany, Spain, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil. We focus in particular on how transnational relations were and still are played out in these movements around the ILO C189, and how they are relevant to their current involvement in the preparatory work towards a possible new ILO Convention on violence and harassment at work. We try to assess the encounters, the tensions and the collaborations taking place at the regional and the international levels on issues of violence against domestic workers, both among domestic workers’ groups and between these groups and other governmental and non-governmental organisations working in the same field or in close-by fields, namely in relation to race and caste, migration and trafficking, women’s rights, labour rights, and disability.

The post A transnational view on domestic workers’ organising for labour rights and against violence appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Intersectional views on the transnational domestic workers’ movement https://domequal.eu/output/intersectional-views-transnational-domestic-workers-movement/ Mon, 16 Apr 2018 16:50:09 +0000 https://domequal.eu/?post_type=output&p=1722 Abstract The transnational paid domestic workers’ movement arguably represents an important case to explore the challenges and opportunities of applying an intersectional framework to the analysis of social movements’ claims, identities and strategies. The paper aims to address these questions by taking a comparative look at paid domestic workers organising in nine countries involved in …

The post Intersectional views on the transnational domestic workers’ movement appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Abstract

The transnational paid domestic workers’ movement arguably represents an important case to explore the challenges and opportunities of applying an intersectional framework to the analysis of social movements’ claims, identities and strategies. The paper aims to address these questions by taking a comparative look at paid domestic workers organising in nine countries involved in the project “DomEQUAL: A global approach to paid domestic work and social inequalities”.
First evidence suggests that, while domestic workers globally articulate their claims in the labour rights field, their struggle for “decent work” also addresses the redefinition of the cultural meanings associated with reproductive work, and involves a challenge to the gender, race, class and other social hierarchies implicated in its unequal distribution at the local and transnational level. Paid domestic workers’ struggles keep at the center the issue of symbolic and material violence that they are subjected to, on the basis of their intersectionally subordinated social positions – as migrant women, racialized women, or women of lower classes and caste, etc. Labour organising in this case appears to go hand in hand with self-help work around self-representation and identity, and domestic workers’ movements mobilise deep emotions related to stigmatisation, shame and silence.
The analysis will focus on the intersectional framing of these claims, as well as on the strategies of domestic workers’ organizations, investigating the original forms of organising developed by this traditionally ‘unorganisable’ workforce and by the multiply-marginalized social groups that are mostly employed in the sector. Special attention will be paid to the relationships with women’s and feminist movements, as well with other relevant actors and organisations working in close-by fields, namely in relation to women’s rights, race and caste, migration and trafficking, labour rights, disability.

The post Intersectional views on the transnational domestic workers’ movement appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Paid domestic workers in Brazil – an analysis of the political and cultural conjunctures of labor rights https://domequal.eu/output/paid-domestic-workers-brazil-analysis-political-cultural-conjunctures-labor-rights/ Wed, 09 Aug 2017 17:43:58 +0000 https://domequal.eu/?post_type=output&p=1745 Abstract As the 14th Latin American country, Brazil has ratified the ILO Convention on Decent Work for Domestic Workers, No. 189 (2011) on 31 January 2018. Brazil has the largest share of domestic workers out of all Latin American countries. The majority of the around 7 million paid domestic workers are Black women from economically …

The post Paid domestic workers in Brazil – an analysis of the political and cultural conjunctures of labor rights appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Abstract

As the 14th Latin American country, Brazil has ratified the ILO Convention on Decent Work for Domestic Workers, No. 189 (2011) on 31 January 2018. Brazil has the largest share of domestic workers out of all Latin American countries. The majority of the around 7 million paid domestic workers are Black women from economically poor backgrounds who face intersectional injustices based on their gender, race and class. Nevertheless, Brazilian domestic workers have been organizing and making their voices heard since 1936. Ever since, their movement has been crucial to the amplification of rights for paid domestic workers.
Paid domestic work in Brazil had been at the margins of labour legislation for centuries. Not only were domestic workers explicitly excluded from the 1943 Brazilian Labour Code, but through these exclusions, conservative discourses were predominant, which did not recognize the social and economic value of this type of work. Alexandre Fraga (2016) points out how paid domestic work was practically completely unregulated until the first labour rights for this sector were outlined in the Law nº5.859 in 1972. Only after the military regime ended, and as a result of the democratisation process and the formulation of a new constitution in 1988, did domestic workers achieve real progress in terms of legislative expansion.The full professional recognition of paid domestic workers as part of the working class with the same benefits as all other workers remains the core vision of the paid domestic workers’ movement. The amendment of the constitution to end second-class treatment of domestic workers, with the Complementary Law 150 of 2015, is a milestone in the history of equality in Brazilian democracy. However, many inequalities persist, such as low wages and the small number of workers without legal contracts (65%).
In our paper, we would like to outline the structural challenges for paid domestic work and the movement of domestic workers in Brazil with regards to legislative changes which have taken place. In this analysis of the historical configurations surrounding the legal processes concerning this category of workers, we highlight how the advances were won by the struggle of paid domestic workers, while conservative structures persist and impede their gaining of full labour rights. Thus, our main objective is to understand how the legislative advances have been negotiated in favor of the employers, not considering totally the working class.
To achieve this goal, the research is conducted through qualitative methodology,
analyzing the legislative, cultural and economic aspects and each moment of progress of labor rights for this category. Interviews have been conducted in the year 2017, with trade unionists of the category in relation to their history, struggle, current challenges and their political points of view.
Thus, our article aims to contribute to critical thinking about social movements, the advances of democracy, as well as the complexities of dialogues and alliances between the feminist movement, the black feminist movement, and the trade union movement.
XIII Global Labour University Conference,
7 – 9 Aug. 2018, Brazil
The Future of Work: Democracy, Development and the Role of Labour

The post Paid domestic workers in Brazil – an analysis of the political and cultural conjunctures of labor rights appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Mujeres migrantes y redefinición de la ciudadanía: una mirada interseccional https://domequal.eu/output/mujeres-migrantes-y-redefinicion-de-la-ciudadania-una-mirada-interseccional/ Wed, 19 Jul 2017 16:49:05 +0000 https://domequal.eu/?post_type=output&p=1910 Mi intervención explora la aplicación de la perspectiva interseccional al estudio de las dinámicas de inclusión, exclusión y redefinición de la ciudadanía desde sujetos en los márgenes de la estructura de género, “raza”, clase, origen nacional, de las sociedaded europeas contemporáneas. Se quiere avanzar en la definición de un enfoque construccionista y procesual de la …

The post Mujeres migrantes y redefinición de la ciudadanía: una mirada interseccional appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Mi intervención explora la aplicación de la perspectiva interseccional al estudio de las dinámicas de inclusión, exclusión y redefinición de la ciudadanía desde sujetos en los márgenes de la estructura de género, “raza”, clase, origen nacional, de las sociedaded europeas contemporáneas. Se quiere avanzar en la definición de un enfoque construccionista y procesual de la interseccionalidad (Anthias 2006;Yuval-Davis 2015), para el análisis de las formas de innovación cultural y política que pueden proceder desde las y los migrantes. El analisis se basa en una investigación etnografica sobre las asociaciones de mujeres migrantes en Andalucia (España), llevada a cabo en 2007-2010 (Cherubini 2013; Cherubini Daniela e Tudela-Vazquez 2016), que involucró 40 activistas de distintas organizaciones, en su mayoria procedientes de America Latina, Marrueccos y Rumania. Mi intervención se focalizará en las “politicas de pertenencia” de las mujeres, y su redefinicción de la categoria “mujer migrante” como sujeto de acción política.

The post Mujeres migrantes y redefinición de la ciudadanía: una mirada interseccional appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
La migrazione fa bene alle donne? https://domequal.eu/output/la-migrazione-fa-bene-alle-donne/ Fri, 05 May 2017 18:05:02 +0000 https://domequal.eu/?post_type=output&p=1531 Intervento tenuto da Sabrina Marchetti in lingua inglese in occasione della conferenza internazionale dei e delle parlamentari intitolata The challenges of a world on the move: migration and gender equality, women’s agency and sustainable development che si è svolta il 4 e il 5 maggio 2017 a Roma, presso la Camera dei Deputati, nell’ambito del calendario della …

The post La migrazione fa bene alle donne? appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>
Intervento tenuto da Sabrina Marchetti in lingua inglese in occasione della conferenza internazionale dei e delle parlamentari intitolata The challenges of a world on the move: migration and gender equality, women’s agency and sustainable development che si è svolta il 4 e il 5 maggio 2017 a Roma, presso la Camera dei Deputati, nell’ambito del calendario della presidenza italiana G7. L’incontro, sostenuto e promosso dal Parlamento, è stato organizzato dal Gruppo di lavoro parlamentare “Salute globale e diritti delle donne”, in collaborazione con l’Associazione italiana donne per lo sviluppo (Aidos) e lo European Parliamentary Forum on Population & Development.

 

Immaginando il discorso che avrei fatto in occasione di questa conferenza ho pensato che il mio contributo da studiosa – da accademica femminista – avrebbe dovuto essere innanzitutto quello di sfidare quelle stesse ipotesi che inducono le domande che discutiamo oggi. Vale a dire: che cosa significa parlare di “genere” in relazione alle migrazioni? E quindi: in che modo le migrazioni sono connesse al ruolo attivo e all’empowerment delle donne?

Quando si pensa a cosa rappresenta il genere per le migrazioni, si rimane perplessi/e su quale sia il modo opportuno di far combaciare il vasto tema delle migrazioni con un altrettanto grande insieme di nozioni e concetti che si riferisco al tema del genere. Ciò andrebbe fatto, a mio avviso, in un’ottica  trasformativa, ossia considerando come una prospettiva di genere possa cambiare effettivamente il nostro modo di pensare e comprendere il legame che intercorre tra migrazioni e globalizzazione. Significa anche capire come l’agency di donne e ragazze sia condizionata dalle migrazioni globali e chiedersi che tipo di trasformazione ne derivi in termini di potere e diseguaglianze.

La sovrapposizione tra questioni di genere, migrazioni e globalizzazione porta a un dibattito complesso, i cui termini chiave hanno molte definizioni diverse e dove i fatti vengono spesso interpretati in modi contrastanti.

Il mio suggerimento è di affrontare questa complessità distinguendo tra la dimensione quantitativa e quella qualitativa in cui il genere e le migrazioni globali entrano in relazione.

Le principali domande che ci pone solitamente a livello quantitativo sono: quante donne migrano? Quanti uomini? Come sono cambiati questi numeri nel tempo? L’elemento interessante qui è di solito il numero delle donne migranti, come questo sia in proporzione rispetto a quello degli uomini, le nazionalità coinvolte e, ancora più nel dettaglio, le destinazioni, le occupazioni, lo stato civile, ecc.

A questo livello si parla di “femminilizzazione delle migrazioni” per indicare l’aumento della percentuale delle donne nelle migrazioni internazionali.

Tuttavia, queste percentuali possono risultare deludenti per coloro che si chiedono cosa ci sia di nuovo nella migrazione delle donne in sé. Le donne sono infatti sempre migrate in numero significativo, soprattutto negli spostamenti dalle campagne alle città, nelle migrazioni temporanee e circolari, e in alcune regioni del mondo più che in altre.

La novità però è di un altro tipo: nelle migrazioni di lunga distanza, le donne sempre di più si spostano da sole o come ‘primomigranti’, per motivi di lavoro e con la funzione di breadwinner per le loro famiglie. In altre parole, si inseriscono sempre più in modelli migratori tradizionalmente connotati come di tipo maschile.

Per questo motivo è importante che gli approcci di tipo quantitativo alle migrazioni non si limitino a chiedersi quante sono le donne che migrano, ma vadano oltre, domandandosi a quale distanza le donne arrivano, se migrano da sole o seguono i loro mariti o altri uomini, e qual è lo scopo della loro migrazione (se il ricongiungimento, il lavoro, le rimesse, ecc.).

Tenere conto di questo ci spinge verso la seconda dimensione della relazione che coinvolge genere e migrazioni.

La dimensione qualitativa della femminilizzazione delle migrazioni deriva da una visione più complessa del genere come insieme di norme e princìpi che regolano la vita delle persone lungo due modelli opposti – maschile e femminile – socialmente e culturalmente costruiti.

Sebbene spesso percepiti come inevitabili e naturali, i modelli di genere sono invece terreno di continue negoziazioni volte a stabilire qual è il comportamento adeguato per un uomo o per una donna, cosa ci si aspetta da loro, qual è il loro ruolo all’interno della famiglia e nella società. I modelli di genere, a seconda del contesto, influenzano l’agency di donne e ragazze e il significato delle loro migrazioni.

Ad esempio, se si parte da un contesto di ruoli tradizionali, si può notare come spesso le donne si emancipino da questi proprio attraverso il processo migratorio, come nel caso delle migranti che diventano breadwinner.

Tuttavia, sappiamo che la migrazione può anche rivelare una dimensione regressiva, riproducendo – o addirittura peggiorando – le aspettative basate sui ruoli di genere tradizionali.

In questo caso c’è da chiedersi: in che modo le migrazioni modificano i ruoli di genere e come le aspettative di genere influenzano le esperienze dei migranti? E ancora, come influisce la migrazione sulla negoziazione dei doveri, delle aspettative, delle possibilità e delle opportunità per le donne durante la loro esperienza migratoria?

Questioni che ci conducono a una domanda ancora più essenziale che, parafrasando Susan Moller Okin (1999), potremmo sintetizzare così: la migrazione fa bene alle donne? 

Alcune ricerche guardano positivamente alla migrazione come un’opportunità per sfuggire a matrimoni oppressivi, guadagnarsi un’indipendenza economica, migliorare la propria posizione sociale rispetto al contesto d’origine, di solito contribuendo con le rimesse e con interventi mirati al benessere delle famiglie e allo sviluppo delle comunità locali.

Altre considerano la migrazione come una fonte di vulnerabilità, soprattutto per le donne. In questo caso l’accento viene posto sui pericoli che le migranti possono incontrare durante il viaggio, esponendosi a violenze sessuali, gravidanze indesiderate e al rischio di entrare forzatamente nei circuiti della prostituzione e del lavoro servile.

Come ha detto ieri Camille Schmoll le donne e le ragazze migranti sono maggiormente a rischio di violenza fisica e psicologica rispetto agli uomini, soprattutto quando la loro migrazione avviene attraverso matrimoni forzati o quando le donne lasciano i loro paesi come rifugiate.

Non si può non tener conto, inoltre, di come anche una interpretazione positiva della migrazione come possibilità di acquisizione di potere economico di donne migranti breadwinners sia messa in dubbio da studi che mostrano come persino l’invio delle rimesse possa essere vissuto come un obbligo e come causa di sofferenza e deprivazione personale, un dovere a cui spesso gli uomini più facilmente riescono a sottrarsi.

Parlando di vulnerabilità legata alla migrazione delle donne, non possiamo trascurare il fatto che, tra i migranti, sono proprio le donne e le ragazze ad essere impiegate più spesso nel settore dei cosiddetti lavori 3D: dangerous, demanding and demeaning (pericolosi, impegnativi e degradanti). Tra questi, ci sono anche i lavori di cura e il lavoro domestico e sessuale, la cui importanza per l’occupazione di tutte le donne, e non solo delle migranti, è ampiamente riconosciuta.

Secondo l’Organizzazione internazionale del lavoro le persone che lavorano nel settore domestico svolgendo lavori di pulizia o di cura sono 67,1 milioni (ILO, 2015). Il 73% di questi sono donne o ragazze, uno su sei è un migrante.

Nonostante ciò, le condizioni di chi lavora nel settore domestico e di cura, in particolare, sono negativamente influenzate dalle politiche migratorie esistenti, che rendono difficile una regolare occupazione per i migranti.

Nel caso di chi lavora nel settore domestico, consideriamo anche solo semplicemente come questo lavoro non sia valido per il rilascio di un permesso di soggiorno in molti paesi europei (Germania, Austria, Paesi Bassi, Svezia, Norvegia, Polonia, Regno Unito, per citarne alcuni). Nei paesi in cui ai lavoratori domestici è consentito un permesso di soggiorno, questo è estremamente difficile da ottenere e c’è un gran numero di donne che lavorano senza contratto e senza permesso di soggiorno.

Questo – tristemente – significa che nonostante ci sia una grande richiesta da parte delle famiglie europee di addetti/e alle pulizie, baby-sitter, assistenti per anziani, la maggior parte dei paesi europei non riconosce alcun diritto alle donne migranti che fanno questo lavoro.

Il triste paradosso è quello di vedere una delle figure-pilastro della nostra società – specialmente alla luce dello smantellamento del welfare nell’Europa occidentale – essere costretta a una condizione di vulnerabilità che ne riduce drasticamente la propria agency in termini di libertà e autodeterminazione.

Per questo è così importante che il Parlamento europeo lo scorso anno abbia adottato una Risoluzione sui diritti delle persone che lavorano nel settore domestico e di cura. Allo stesso modo è importante menzionare la Convenzione sui diritti delle persone che lavorano nel settore domesticoadottata dall’ILO nel 2011 e che finora è stata ratificata solo da 23 paesi. Entrambe le misure dovrebbero favorire maggiori diritti e consapevolezza sulle condizioni delle lavoratrici domestiche nel mondo, che sono donne e ragazze migranti.

Permettetemi quindi di concludere sottolineando l’urgenza di definire le condizioni, nel mercato del lavoro e nelle politiche migratorie ad esso connesse, necessarie affinché le donne migranti abbiano gli stessi diritti di tutti gli altri lavoratori, di tutti gli altri migranti. Vuol dire assumere uno sguardo trasformativo nel considerare la relazione tra genere e migrazioni e fare in modo che il genere non sia più motivo di ulteriori oppressioni e discriminazioni per le migranti, ma che diventi un’opportunità di ricchezza e diversità.

The post La migrazione fa bene alle donne? appeared first on DomEQUAL.

]]>